Descartes claims in Meditation 3.14, “it is manifest by the natural light that there must at least be as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in its effect; for from where can the effect draw its reality if not from the cause? And how could the cause communicate to it this reality unless it possessed it in itself? What is cannot be produced by what is not. . . . the more perfect – in other words, that which contains in itself more reality – cannot be the effect of the less perfect.”

Can you think of a concrete example with solid evidence that shows that Descartes is wrong? How about drawings or models of leprechauns or unicorns? Or by Descartes’s reasoning, must those necessarily be direct effects of real leprechauns and real unicorns?

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